Diabetes Basics (Beginner’s Guide to Diabetes: Types, Symptoms, and Causes)

1. Introduction to Diabetes

1.1 What Is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a chronic medical condition that affects how your body processes blood sugar, also known as glucose. Glucose is a vital source of energy for your body’s cells, but when you have diabetes, your body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or cannot use it effectively. Insulin is the hormone responsible for helping glucose enter your cells for energy.

Without proper management, diabetes can lead to dangerously high blood sugar levels, which over time can damage your nerves, blood vessels, and vital organs. However, with the right knowledge and care, diabetes can be effectively managed, allowing individuals to lead healthy, fulfilling lives.

1.2 Why Is It Important to Understand?

Understanding diabetes is crucial not only for those diagnosed but also for their loved ones and caregivers. Early awareness can make a significant difference in preventing complications and improving quality of life.

When diabetes is misunderstood or ignored, it can silently progress, leading to serious health issues like heart disease, kidney damage, or vision problems. By learning about the condition, its causes, and its management, individuals can take control of their health and make informed decisions.

Types of Diabetes

Types of Diabetes and Their Characteristics

Understanding the different types of diabetes is essential to managing the condition effectively. Each type has unique characteristics, causes, and management strategies. Here’s a breakdown to help you navigate the distinctions:

2.1 Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body produces little to no insulin, requiring daily insulin therapy for survival.

• Who It Affects: Commonly diagnosed in children, teens, and young adults, though it can occur at any age.
• Key Symptoms: Increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme fatigue, and unintended weight loss.
• Management Tips: Regular insulin injections, consistent blood sugar monitoring, and a healthy diet are essential.

Living with Type 1 diabetes can feel overwhelming at first, but many people manage it successfully with the right tools, education, and support.

2.2 Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. It occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels stable. Unlike Type 1, it often develops gradually over time.

• Who It Affects: More common in adults over 40, but increasingly seen in younger individuals due to lifestyle factors.
• Key Symptoms: Fatigue, blurred vision, slow-healing wounds, and tingling in hands or feet.
• Management Tips: Lifestyle changes, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and medication if prescribed, can help keep blood sugar in check.

The good news is that many people with Type 2 diabetes see significant improvement by making small, consistent changes to their daily habits.

2.3 Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth. However, it requires careful monitoring to ensure the health of both the mother and baby.

• Who It Affects: Pregnant women, especially those with risk factors like obesity or a family history of diabetes.
• Key Symptoms: Often asymptomatic, making routine screening during pregnancy vital.
• Management Tips: A well-structured meal plan, moderate physical activity, and monitoring blood sugar levels can help manage gestational diabetes.

Mothers with gestational diabetes should follow up post-pregnancy as they may be at higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

2.4 Prediabetes

Prediabetes is a condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not yet in the diabetic range. It’s a crucial warning sign, as it often precedes Type 2 diabetes.

• Who It Affects: Anyone, but risk increases with age, weight, and inactivity.
• Key Symptoms: Often silent but can include increased thirst or fatigue.
• Management Tips: Early intervention through diet, exercise, and weight loss can reverse prediabetes and prevent progression to Type 2 diabetes.

Think of prediabetes as an opportunity—a wake-up call to make healthier choices that can change the course of your future.

2.5 Rare Forms of Diabetes

While less common, there are other forms of diabetes that stem from specific causes:

• MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young): A rare, hereditary form of diabetes that develops in adolescence or early adulthood.
• LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults): A slow-progressing form of autoimmune diabetes, often misdiagnosed as Type 2.
• Secondary Diabetes: Diabetes caused by medical conditions or medications, such as chronic pancreatitis or steroid use.

3. Symptoms of Diabetes

Recognizing the symptoms of diabetes is an important step toward early detection and management. While symptoms may vary depending on the type, there are common warning signs to watch for.

Common Symptoms of Diabetes

3.1 Early Warning Signs

The early signs of diabetes often appear gradually and may be mistaken for other conditions. However, being aware of these signs can help prompt timely medical attention:

• Frequent Urination: Increased urination, especially at night, as the body tries to flush out excess sugar.
• Excessive Thirst: Persistent thirst due to fluid loss from frequent urination.
• Unexplained Weight Loss: Sudden weight loss despite normal or increased appetite, especially in Type 1 diabetes.
• Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired, as the body struggles to convert sugar into energy.
• Blurred Vision: High blood sugar can cause swelling in the lens of the eyes, leading to blurry vision.

If these signs persist, it’s important to seek medical advice to determine if diabetes might be the cause.

3.2 Chronic Symptoms

When diabetes goes unmanaged or undiagnosed, long-term symptoms may develop as high blood sugar begins to affect various parts of the body:

• Slow-Healing Wounds: Cuts and bruises may take longer to heal due to poor circulation and potential nerve damage.
• Tingling or Numbness: Persistent sensations in the hands or feet, which can indicate diabetic neuropathy.
• Skin Issues: Dry skin, itching, or frequent infections due to compromised immunity and circulation.
• Dark Patches on Skin: A condition known as acanthosis nigricans, which often appears in body folds and creases, may signal insulin resistance.

Recognizing these chronic symptoms early can prevent complications and improve long-term health outcomes.

3.3 Differences in Symptoms by Type

The symptoms of diabetes can differ depending on the type. Here’s a brief overview:

• Type 1 Diabetes: Symptoms usually appear suddenly and can be severe. Weight loss, extreme fatigue, and nausea are more common in Type 1 due to the rapid onset of insulin deficiency.
• Type 2 Diabetes: Symptoms develop gradually and may go unnoticed for years. Many people are diagnosed only during routine checkups.
• Gestational Diabetes: Often asymptomatic, gestational diabetes is typically identified through routine blood sugar screenings during pregnancy.
• Prediabetes: This stage may not present noticeable symptoms, making regular testing crucial if you have risk factors like obesity or a family history of diabetes.

4. Causes of Diabetes

Diabetes is a complex condition influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Understanding its causes can help you better manage risk and take proactive steps toward prevention or treatment.

4.1 Genetic Factors

Genetics play a significant role in the development of diabetes, particularly for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes:

• Family History: If a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, has diabetes, your risk is higher.
• Inherited Traits: Certain genetic variations can predispose individuals to insulin resistance or autoimmune reactions.
• Ethnic Background: People of certain ethnicities, including African, Hispanic, Asian, and Indigenous backgrounds, are more prone to developing diabetes due to genetic predispositions.

While you can’t change your genes, being aware of your family history can encourage early screening and preventive measures.

4.2 Lifestyle and Environmental Triggers

For Type 2 diabetes, lifestyle factors are significant contributors:

• Diet: Consistently consuming foods high in sugar and unhealthy fats can lead to weight gain and insulin resistance.
• Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can decrease the body’s ability to use insulin effectively.
• Obesity: Excess weight, especially around the abdomen, increases the risk of insulin resistance.
• Stress and Sleep: Chronic stress and poor sleep patterns can impact hormones, further exacerbating diabetes risk.

Environmental factors, such as exposure to certain viruses or toxins, may also contribute to the development of diabetes, though these links are less well understood.

4.3 Autoimmune Responses (Type 1)

Type 1 diabetes is caused by an autoimmune reaction where the body’s immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. While the exact trigger is unclear, several factors may contribute:

• Genetics: Certain genes make some individuals more susceptible to autoimmune diseases.
• Viral Infections: Infections like mumps or rubella may act as triggers in genetically predisposed individuals.
• Environmental Factors: Researchers suspect that exposure to certain environmental elements during early childhood may increase risk.

Unlike Type 2 diabetes, Type 1 is not preventable, but early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms effectively.

4.4 Insulin Resistance (Type 2)

Type 2 diabetes begins when the body’s cells stop responding properly to insulin, a condition known as insulin resistance. Over time, the pancreas struggles to produce enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels in check. Factors contributing to insulin resistance include:

• Obesity and Fat Distribution: Excess fat around the abdomen disrupts how the body uses insulin.
• Chronic Inflammation: Low-grade inflammation linked to obesity can interfere with insulin signaling.
• Age: Insulin resistance tends to increase with age, particularly after 45.
• Hormonal Changes: Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hormonal imbalances can increase insulin resistance.

5. Risk Factors for Diabetes

Diabetes risk is influenced by a combination of factors, some beyond your control and others related to lifestyle. Recognizing these risk factors can help you take proactive steps toward prevention or early management.

Risk Factors for Developing Diabetes

5.1 Age

As you age, your risk of developing Type 2 diabetes increases:

• Middle Age and Beyond: Adults aged 45 and older are at higher risk due to natural changes in metabolism and potential weight gain over time.
• Youth and Type 1 Diabetes: While Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in children and young adults.
• Younger Generations: Rising rates of childhood obesity and sedentary lifestyles have led to increasing cases of Type 2 diabetes in younger populations.

Although age is a non-modifiable factor, maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help reduce overall risk.

5.2 Family History

A family history of diabetes significantly increases your likelihood of developing the condition:

• Type 1 Diabetes: Having a parent or sibling with Type 1 diabetes raises your risk, although it is not always directly inherited.
• Type 2 Diabetes: If close relatives have Type 2 diabetes, you may have a higher genetic predisposition, compounded by shared lifestyle habits.

While you can’t change your genetics, early awareness and lifestyle modifications can help delay or prevent the onset of diabetes.

5.3 Obesity and Inactivity

Excess weight and a sedentary lifestyle are two of the most significant modifiable risk factors for diabetes:

• Excess Weight: Carrying extra weight, particularly around the abdomen, increases insulin resistance.
• Lack of Exercise: Physical inactivity reduces your body’s ability to use insulin efficiently, leading to higher blood sugar levels over time.

Adopting a routine that includes regular physical activity and balanced nutrition can dramatically reduce the likelihood of developing diabetes.

5.4 Ethnic Background

Certain ethnic groups are more predisposed to diabetes due to a combination of genetic, cultural, and environmental factors:

• Higher Risk Populations: People of African, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, and Indigenous descent are at greater risk for both Type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes.
• Health Disparities: Socioeconomic factors, access to healthcare, and cultural dietary habits may also play a role in these populations.

6. Complications If Left Untreated

When diabetes is not managed properly, high blood sugar levels can lead to serious complications that affect the entire body. These complications range from immediate, life-threatening conditions to long-term damage that develops gradually over time.

6.1 Short-Term Risks

Uncontrolled diabetes can cause acute complications that require immediate medical attention:

• Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA):
  • Most common in Type 1 diabetes, DKA occurs when the body starts breaking down fat too quickly for energy, leading to a dangerous buildup of acids called ketones.
  • Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, rapid breathing, and confusion.
  • If untreated, DKA can lead to coma or death.
• Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS):
  • More common in Type 2 diabetes, HHS is characterized by extremely high blood sugar levels and severe dehydration.
  • Symptoms include extreme thirst, dry mouth, fever, and confusion.
  • Immediate medical care is critical to prevent severe complications.
• Severe Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar):
  • Can occur due to too much insulin, skipping meals, or excessive physical activity.
  • Symptoms include shakiness, sweating, confusion, and, in severe cases, loss of consciousness.

Short-term complications can often be avoided with careful monitoring and prompt action when blood sugar levels become abnormal.

6.2 Long-Term Risks

Chronic high blood sugar can cause progressive damage to organs and tissues, leading to long-term complications:

1. Neuropathy (Nerve Damage):
   • Prolonged high blood sugar damages nerves, causing symptoms like tingling, numbness, or pain, often in the hands and feet.
   • Severe cases may lead to loss of sensation or motor function.
2. Cardiovascular Diseases:
   • Diabetes significantly increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure.
   • Poorly managed blood sugar, cholesterol, and blood pressure are key contributors.
3. Kidney Disease (Diabetic Nephropathy):
   • The kidneys can be damaged by prolonged high blood sugar and high blood pressure, leading to protein leakage in the urine and, eventually, kidney failure.
4. Eye Damage (Diabetic Retinopathy):
   • High blood sugar damages the blood vessels in the eyes, potentially leading to vision loss or blindness if untreated.
5. Foot Problems:
   • Reduced circulation and nerve damage increase the risk of foot ulcers and infections, which in severe cases may require amputation.
6. Skin Conditions:
   • Persistent high blood sugar can lead to bacterial or fungal infections and other skin disorders.

7. Diagnosis and Testing

Early detection of diabetes and prediabetes is essential for effective management and preventing complications. Accurate testing provides the information needed to begin treatment and make necessary lifestyle adjustments.

7.1 Common Tests for Diabetes

Healthcare providers use several tests to diagnose diabetes. Each test measures blood sugar levels differently:

1. Fasting Blood Sugar Test:
   • Measures blood sugar levels after an overnight fast.
   • A fasting blood sugar level of 126 mg/dL or higher on two separate occasions indicates diabetes.
2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT):
   • Evaluates how your body processes sugar after drinking a glucose solution.
   • Blood sugar levels are measured at fasting and at intervals over a two-hour period.
3. Hemoglobin A1c Test (HbA1c):
   • Reflects average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.
   • An HbA1c level of 6.5% or higher is diagnostic for diabetes.
4. Random Blood Sugar Test:
   • Can be done at any time, regardless of when you last ate.
   • A reading of 200 mg/dL or higher, along with symptoms of diabetes, confirms the diagnosis.

These tests help identify whether you have diabetes or prediabetes, enabling timely intervention.

7.2 Understanding Blood Sugar Levels

Blood sugar levels are measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). Here’s a general guide for interpreting results:

1. Normal Range:
   • Fasting blood sugar: 70–99 mg/dL
   • HbA1c: Below 5.7%
2. Prediabetes Range:
   • Fasting blood sugar: 100–125 mg/dL
   • HbA1c: 5.7%–6.4%
3. Diabetes Range:
   • Fasting blood sugar: 126 mg/dL or higher
   • HbA1c: 6.5% or higher

Understanding these numbers helps you track progress and make informed decisions about treatment and lifestyle changes.

7.3 Monitoring for Prediabetes

Prediabetes serves as an early warning sign that your blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not yet in the diabetic range. Monitoring for prediabetes includes:

1. Regular Screenings:
   • Routine testing is recommended if you’re over 45, overweight, or have a family history of diabetes.
2. Lifestyle Assessments:
   • Your doctor may evaluate factors like diet, exercise habits, and weight.
3. Continuous Monitoring:
   • For individuals at higher risk, tools like home glucose monitors or wearable devices can track blood sugar trends.

8. Living with Diabetes

Being diagnosed with diabetes can feel overwhelming, but with the right steps and support, it’s entirely manageable. This section focuses on how to adapt to your diagnosis and build a strong foundation for long-term health.

8.1 Initial Steps After Diagnosis

The first few weeks following a diabetes diagnosis are crucial for setting the tone of your management plan. Here are some steps to get started:

1. Consult Your Healthcare Team:
   • Meet with your doctor, endocrinologist, or diabetes educator to discuss your specific type of diabetes and create a treatment plan.
2. Learn to Monitor Your Blood Sugar:
   • Get familiar with blood sugar testing devices and understand your target ranges.
   • Keep a daily log of your blood sugar levels to identify patterns.
3. Understand Your Medication:
   • Learn about any prescribed medications or insulin, including how and when to take them.
4. Adopt Healthier Eating Habits:
   • Focus on a balanced diet that includes whole grains, lean proteins, and plenty of vegetables while limiting refined sugars.
   • Consider working with a dietitian for personalized meal planning.

Taking small, manageable steps in these areas can help you feel more in control and confident in managing your diabetes.

8.2 Building a Support System

Living with diabetes is easier when you have a reliable support system. Surround yourself with people who can offer encouragement and practical help:

1. Family and Friends:
   • Share your diagnosis with loved ones so they can understand your needs and be there for you emotionally and physically.
2. Diabetes Support Groups:
   • Connect with others who have diabetes, either in person or online, to share experiences, tips, and encouragement.
3. Healthcare Providers:
   • Build a team that includes a primary care physician, endocrinologist, dietitian, and diabetes educator to provide comprehensive care.
4. Workplace Support:
   • Inform your employer or HR department about your condition if adjustments (like breaks for blood sugar checks or meals) are necessary.

Having supportive people in your corner can make the challenges of living with diabetes more manageable.

8.3 Educational Resources

Education is a powerful tool for managing diabetes effectively. Stay informed through reliable resources:

1. Books and Guides:
   • Look for reputable books or handouts provided by your healthcare provider.
2. Online Resources:
   • Visit trusted websites like the American Diabetes Association (ADA) or Diabetes UK for evidence-based information and tools.
3. Workshops and Classes:
   • Attend local or virtual diabetes education programs to learn about topics like meal planning, exercise, and stress management.
4. Mobile Apps:
   • Use apps designed for diabetes management to track blood sugar, set reminders for medication, or log meals.
5. Continuous Learning:
   • Stay updated on the latest research and treatment options by attending webinars or subscribing to diabetes newsletters.

9. Frequently Asked Questions

Diabetes often raises many questions, especially for those newly diagnosed or supporting someone with the condition. Here are clear, straightforward answers to some of the most commonly asked questions.

9.1 Is Diabetes Curable?

No, diabetes is not curable, but it is manageable with the right approach.

• Type 1 Diabetes: This is a lifelong condition because the body cannot produce insulin. Management focuses on insulin therapy, regular blood sugar monitoring, and a healthy lifestyle.
• Type 2 Diabetes: While it cannot be cured, it can go into remission. This means blood sugar levels return to a normal range without the need for medication, typically achieved through weight loss, diet changes, and exercise.
• Gestational Diabetes: This usually resolves after childbirth, but it increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

Effective management, early intervention, and ongoing education are key to reducing complications and maintaining quality of life.

9.2 How Do I Manage Blood Sugar Levels?

Managing blood sugar involves a combination of lifestyle adjustments and medical care. Key steps include:

1. Follow Your Treatment Plan:
   • Take prescribed medications or insulin as directed.
   • Work with your healthcare provider to adjust your plan as needed.
2. Monitor Your Blood Sugar:
   • Use a glucose meter or continuous glucose monitor to check levels regularly.
   • Record your readings to identify trends and understand what affects your levels.
3. Focus on Nutrition:
   • Prioritize whole, unprocessed foods like vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains.
   • Limit foods high in sugar, refined carbs, and saturated fats.
4. Stay Active:
   • Regular physical activity helps lower blood sugar and improves insulin sensitivity.
   • Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week, such as brisk walking or cycling.
5. Manage Stress:
   • Chronic stress can affect blood sugar levels, so incorporate stress-reducing activities like yoga, meditation, or deep breathing exercises.
6. Regular Checkups:
   • Schedule routine visits with your healthcare team to assess progress and adjust treatment as needed.

9.3 When Should I Consult a Doctor?

It’s important to reach out to your healthcare provider in the following situations:

1. Uncontrolled Blood Sugar Levels:
   • If your levels are consistently too high or too low despite following your plan, consult your doctor to adjust your treatment.
2. Symptoms of Complications:
   • Seek immediate care if you experience signs of diabetic ketoacidosis (e.g., nausea, fruity-smelling breath) or severe hypoglycemia (e.g., confusion, loss of consciousness).
3. Routine Monitoring:
   • Regularly scheduled appointments are essential for checking HbA1c levels, kidney function, and overall health.
4. Before Lifestyle Changes:
   • Speak with your doctor before starting a new diet or exercise program to ensure it’s safe and effective for your condition.
5. Persistent Symptoms:
   • If you notice unexplained fatigue, recurring infections, or wounds that don’t heal, consult your doctor promptly.

10. It’s a wrap!

Living with diabetes can seem overwhelming at first, but with the right knowledge, tools, and support, it becomes a manageable part of life. Let’s summarize what we’ve covered and provide some encouragement for those starting their journey.

10.1 Recap of Key Points

Throughout this guide, we’ve explored the fundamentals of diabetes, from understanding its types and symptoms to addressing causes, risk factors, and management strategies. Here are the key takeaways:

• Understanding Diabetes: Diabetes affects how your body regulates blood sugar. While it’s not curable, it is highly manageable with a proactive approach.
• Types and Symptoms: Type 1, Type 2, gestational diabetes, and prediabetes each have unique characteristics and require tailored care. Early detection of symptoms is critical to effective treatment.
• Risk and Causes: Factors like genetics, age, lifestyle, and ethnicity play a role in developing diabetes. Recognizing your risk factors can empower preventive actions.
• Management Strategies: Blood sugar control involves medication, regular monitoring, a balanced diet, exercise, and stress management.
• Support Systems: Building a network of healthcare providers, family, and community resources helps ease the challenges of living with diabetes.

This knowledge equips you to take charge of your health and make informed decisions every step of the way.

10.2 Encouragement for Beginners

If you’re newly diagnosed, it’s natural to feel uncertain about what lies ahead. But remember, you’re not alone. Millions of people successfully manage their diabetes and lead healthy, fulfilling lives.

• Take It One Step at a Time: Focus on small, achievable goals. Whether it’s learning to check your blood sugar or adjusting your diet, every effort makes a difference.
• Ask for Help: Don’t hesitate to reach out to your healthcare team, family, or support groups. You don’t have to face this journey by yourself.
• Celebrate Progress: Acknowledge every milestone, no matter how small. Every positive step brings you closer to better health.
• Stay Positive: While challenges may arise, keep in mind that diabetes is a condition you can manage. With dedication and persistence, you can live well and thrive.

11. Helpful Resources and Links

Access accurate and actionable information through these trusted organizations and tools, focusing on specific topics and support for diabetes management.

11.1 Educational Organizations

1. American Diabetes Association – Living with Diabetes
   • Practical tips and tools for daily diabetes management.
   • Visit Page
2. Diabetes UK – Diabetes and Me
   • A detailed guide tailored for those living with diabetes, covering everything from daily care to complications.
   • Visit Page
3. International Diabetes Federation – About Diabetes
   • Detailed content on types of diabetes, symptoms, and risk factors.
   • Visit Page

11.2 Support and Community

1. T1D Exchange – Community
   • A supportive space to connect with others managing Type 1 diabetes.
   • Visit Page
2. Beyond Type 1 – Stories
   • Real-life stories and tips from people living with diabetes.
   • Visit Page
3. JDRF – Life with T1D
   • Comprehensive advice for thriving with Type 1 diabetes.
   • Visit Page

11.3 Tracking and Management Tools

1. MySugr – Features
   • Details on the app’s capabilities for tracking blood sugar, meals, and medication.
   • Visit Page
2. Glucose Buddy – App Overview
   • A closer look at how Glucose Buddy can simplify diabetes tracking.
   • Visit Page
3. Glooko – Solutions
   • Explore how Glooko integrates diabetes devices and provides actionable insights.
   • Visit Page

11.4 Healthy Eating and Recipes

1. Diabetic Gourmet Magazine – Recipes
   • A curated collection of diabetes-friendly recipes.
   • Visit Page
2. Eat Well with Diabetes – Recipes
   • Australian Diabetes resource for easy, healthy meal ideas.
   • Visit Page
3. Nutrition.gov – Diabetes Meal Plans
   • U.S. government guide to meal planning for diabetes.
   • Visit Page

11.5 Research and Advocacy

1. CDC – Prevent Diabetes
   • Insights into prevention strategies and early detection.
   • Visit Page
2. NIDDK – Managing Diabetes
   • Comprehensive tips for managing and monitoring diabetes effectively.
   • Visit Page
3. WHO – Diabetes Facts and Figures
   • Global statistics and prevention strategies for diabetes.
   • Visit Page

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